Table 1 Characteristics of the subjects

Age (years)

69.2 ± 7.2

68.9 ± 8.3

69.0 ± 7.9

Body mass index (kg/m²)

24.3 ± 3.2

23.9 ± 3.8

24.1 ± 3.5

Waist circumference (cm)

86.2 ± 8.9

84.2 ± 9.4

85.0 ± 9.3

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

139.1 ± 18.9

136.1 ± 19.0

137.4 ± 18.9

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

78.2 ± 11.3*

75.2 ± 9.7

76.5 ± 10.5

Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)

16.1 ± 4.2

16.2 ± 4.7

16.1 ± 4.5

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.83 ± 0.16***

0.68 ± 0.23

0.74 ± 0.21

Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

73.6 ± 15.9

69.7 ± 17.1

71.3 ± 16.7

Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.9 ± 1.2***

4.8 ± 1.0

5.2 ± 1.1

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

102.7 ± 15.6***

92.3 ± 10.6

96.7 ± 13.9

Insulin (μU/mL)

4.7 (1.1–19.9)

4.4 (1.1–17.5)

4.5 (1.1–19.9)

HOMA-IR^† (min-max)

1.17 (0.27–5.94)

0.99 (0.24–4.74)

1.07 (0.24–5.94)

Hemoglobin A_1c (NGSP%)

5.63 ± 0.42

5.58 ± 0.37

5.60 ± 0.39

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

187.1 ± 31.5

208.7 ± 35.4***

199.6 ± 35.4

LDL-C (mg/dL)

105.5 ± 26.7

120.7 ± 30.7***

114.3 ± 30.0

HDL-C (mg/dL)

62.1 ± 16.7**

68.9 ± 16.4

66.0 ± 16.8

Triglycerides (mg/dL) ^† (min-max)

94.6 (32–338)

88.0 (28–306)

90.7 (28–338)

RLP-C (mg/dL)^a (min-max)

3.9 (1.2–18.9)

4.1 (1.4–23.6)

4.0 (1.2–23.6)

Estimated RLP-C (mg/dL)^a (min-max)

16.6 (3–74)

16.3 (3–100)

16.4 (3–100)

Lipoprotein (a) (mg/dL)^a (min-max)

6.2 (1–63)

8.8 (1–107)*

7.6 (1–107)

Apolipoprotein A-I (mg/dL)

157.0 ± 28.2

169.4 ± 29.5**

164.2 ± 29.6

Apolipoprotein B (mg/dL)

86.3 ± 10.0

91.7 ± 20.0*

89.4 ± 19.7

Apolipoprotein C-III (mg/dL)

9.57 ± 3.57

9.64 ± 2.69

9.61 ± 3.08

Apolipoprotein E (mg/dL)

4.15 ± 1.02

4.83 ± 1.18***

4.55 ± 1.16

Smoking (%, yes)

23.4 (n = 22)***

0.8 (n = 1)

10.2 (n = 23)

Alcohol (%, yes)

63.8 (n = 60)***

9.2 (n = 12)

32.0 (n = 72)

HT medication (%, yes)

71.2 (n = 67)*

58.8 (n = 77)

64.0 (n = 144)

DM medication (%, yes)

14.9 (n = 14)

9.2 (n = 12)

11.6 (n = 26)

DL medication (%, yes)

46.8 (n = 44)

59.5 (n = 78)*

54.2 (n = 122)

Energy (kcal/day)

2078.3 ± 516.9

1678.7 ± 471.0

1845.6 ± 527.9

Animal protein (g/day)

44.2 ± 19.0

40.5 ± 21.2

42.1 ± 20.4

Vegetable protein (g/day)

32.0 ± 9.7

28.4 ± 8.4

29.9 ± 9.1

Animal fat (g/day)

28.1 ± 12.5

25.5 ± 12.4

26.6 ± 12.5

Vegetable fat (g/day)

30.2 ± 10.3

29.0 ± 11.7

29.5 ± 11.1

Carbohydrate (g/day)

Saturated fatty acid (g/day)

15.4 ± 6.5

14.6 ± 6.5

14.9 ± 6.5

Monounsaturated fatty acid (g/day)

20.6 ± 7.2

19.4 ± 8.0

19.9 ± 7.6

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (g/day)

14.6 ± 4.4

13.4 ± 4.8

13.9 ± 4.7